2. Shi'ite/Shia 什叶派: Makes up about 10-15% of all Muslims today, of which Iran is the leading country 穆斯林少数， 伊朗是这个教派的主要国家
3. Hegira 希吉拉/迁徙: Exodus of Prophet Muhammad and his follower from Mecca to the nearby town of Medina to escape persecution, 为了逃避迫害， 先知默罕默德带着他的追随者迁徙到麦地那的旅途
4. Caliph 哈里发: a person considered a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and a leader of the entire Muslim community
5. Caliphate 哈里发国: Umayyad and Abbasid are two examples of this.
6. Poll tax 人头税：a tax imposed upon non-Muslim residents in Muslim countries 穆斯林国家向非穆斯林人口收的人头税。
7. Baghdad 巴格达: Capital of Iraq, Capital of Abbasid Dynasty from 8th Century to 13th Century 伊拉克首都， 8-13世纪阿拔斯王朝的首都
8. Damascus 大马士革 : Capital of Syria, Capital of Umayyad Dynasty from 661 CE to 750 CE叙利亚首都， 661-750 CE 倭马亚王朝的首都
9. Cairo 开罗，Capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa, Arab world and the Middle East. A major trade and religious center during Abbasid Dynasty 埃及首都； 非洲， 阿拉伯世界以及中东最大的城市。 阿巴斯时代主要的贸易和宗教中心
10. Calligraphy 书法；the art of beautiful hand-writing 优美的书写艺术
11. Astronomy 天文学；the branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole
12. Hajj 朝觐 an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, the holiest city for Muslims. It is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime 伊斯兰教徒到麦加的朝觐，这是每年全世界穆斯林最大规模的聚会，也是伊斯兰教的五功之一
13. Merchant 商人；a person who trades in commodities produced by other people.
14. Trans-Saharan 跨-撒哈拉 （贸易）：describing trade route that requires travel across the largest desert in the world (north and south) 。 Located in North Africa, it was one of the 4 major trading networks of the ancient world. 形容位于北非， 需要跨越世界最大沙漠的贸易网络
15. Commodities 商品 ：trading goods16. Mosque 清真寺 ：place of worship in Islam
17. Post-classical 后古典时代的：roughly synonymous, but less Euro-centrist term for "Medieval". 跟 “中世纪” 大约相同， 而不那么欧洲中心主义的世界历史分段用词
18. Flourish 繁盛；grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly favorable environment 在有利的环境下蓬勃地成长或发展
19. Pact of Umar 乌马尔公约： an agreement between the Caliph Umar to the Christians of Syria that specifies rights and restrictions for non-Muslims living under Islamic rule 规定了基督徒在新征服者的统治下应享有的权利，并规定了基督教与伊斯兰教共存的基本原则
20. Crossroads 交汇点：intersection of two or more roads
以下是小考的格式（例子）
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